The urticating hairs of theraphosid spiders. The red eye revisited: ophthalmia nodosa due to tarantula hairs. Eye disease associated with handling pet tarantulas: three case reports. 1996 75:462-3.īlaikie AJ, Ellis J, Sanders R, MacEwen CJ. Ophthalmia nodosa caused by tarantula hairs. Hered RW, Spaulding AG, Sanitato JJ, Wander AH. Bites by spiders of the family Theraphosidae in humans and canines. Isbister GK, Seymour JE, Gray MR, Raven RJ. Disseminated intravascular coagulopathy following fatal brown spider bite (necrotic arachnidism). Vorse H, Seccareccio P, Woodruff K, Humphrey GB. Effect of hyperbaric oxygen on sphingomyelinase D activity of brown recluse spider( Loxosceles reclusa) venom as studied by 31P nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The global epidemiology, syndromic classification, management, and prevention of spider bites. The diagnosis and treatment of brown recluse spider bites. Clinical presentation and outcome of brown recluse spider bite. Successful treatment of lactrodectism with antivenin after 90 hours. The safety and efficacy of antivenin Latrodectus. Clinical presentation and treatment of black widow spider envenomation: a review of 163 cases. Black and brown widow spider bites in South Africa. Latrodectism: variations in clinical manifestations provoked by Latrodectus species of spiders. Spider bites: addressing mythology and poor evidence. Isbister GK, White J, Currie BJ, Bush SP, Vetter RS, Warrell DA. Bites of brown recluse spiders and suspected necrotic arachnidism. Diagnoses of brown recluse spider bites (loxoscelism) greatly outnumber actual verifications of the spider in four western American states. Vetter RS, Cushing PE, Crawford RL, Royce LA. Reports of presumptive brown recluse spider bites reinforce improbable diagnosis in regions of North America where the spider is not endemic. The diagnosis of brown recluse spider bite is overused for dermonecrotic wounds of uncertain etiology. Data collection in clinical toxinology: debunking myths and developing diagnostic algorithms. 13, 14 These patterns resemble a violin, fiddle, or cello (with the base at the head end), bordered by three pairs of eyes 13 – 15 ( Figure 2B). 13, 14 Female recluses are more venomous and generally larger than males (leg spans of 20 to 30 mm compared with 10 to 35 mm), and they have distinctive, darker brown patterns on the dorsal cephalothorax. All Loxosceles spiders are brown, often have no unique identifying markings (except for female brown recluse spiders ), and often are simply described as brown spiders. 7 All Loxosceles spiders in the United States may cause bites characterized by necrotic arachnidism with dermonecrotic ulceration at bite sites, presumably because of autoimmune responses from cytokines and lymphocytes and cytotoxicity from venom components (mainly sphingomyelinase D). Loxosceles spiders are most abundant and active at night during the warmer months. The six species of recluse spiders in the United States include Loxosceles arizonica, Loxosceles deserta, Loxosceles devia, Loxosceles laeta, Loxosceles rufescens, and Loxosceles reclusa ( Figure 2). One study found no deaths in 111 patients with entomologist-confirmed Loxosceles reclusa bites. Most necrotizing ulcers will heal over one to eight weeks with a 10 to 15 percent incidence of major scarring. Resolution of all manifestations over two or three days death rarely occurs Potential associated signs of systemic toxicityĪrthralgias, bronchorrhea, regional or generalized diaphoresis, fever, hypertension, hyperreflexia, regional lymphadenopathy, nausea, vomiting, paresthesias, priapism, ptosis, restlessness, salivationįebrile seizures, hemoglobinuria, myoglobinuria, acute renal failure Muscular spasm and rigidity beginning at bite site and spreading proximally to abdomen and face rebound tenderness mimicking acute appendicitis is possible.Īrthralgias, fever, chills, maculopapular rash, nausea, vomiting Incubation period from bite to systemic toxicity Present usually atypical and rarely full-blown (latrodectism) Local cytotoxicity with subsequent ulcerating dermonecrosis Massive presynaptic discharge of all autonomic neurotransmitters Painless or minimally painful localized inflammation that subsequently spreads Moderately to severely painful little or no surrounding inflammation
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